LOVE. -- OB Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

LOVE. - OB - Research Paper Example These strategies despite the fact that much of the time demonstrate helpful; it comes up short in larger part of the circumstances. This makes the contention rise which thusly prompts dealings. A portion of these exchanges are parleyed by outsiders while others are taken care of by supervisors themselves. There are basic parts of arrangements too which are talked about in later. By and large, regardless of whether struggle is sure or negative for the organization relies upon the result. Some of the time a contention can have a positive result for the time being nevertheless the outcomes can be crushing over the long haul and the other way around. In the 21st century, workforce and working environment decorums are both experiencing quick changes in view of merciless rivalry. Such changes are putting pressure on the administration as well as the workforce which is expanding the odds for work environment strife and degenerate practices at work environment (De Dreu, 2008). Along these lines, featuring the significance for compelling peace making is critical. Sadly, no writing has yet been connected to peace promotion and laborer gives that may cause clashes (De Dreu, 2008). For a long time now, researchers and scholastics in authoritative conduct and brain science have directed tremendous explores on the working environment strife. While some have directed examinations on its negative side, others have inspected the beneficial outcomes. As per De Dreu (2006), positive elements of contention are connected with learning, improved nature of choices, inventiveness, advancement and generally upgrade in efficiency and group viability. Despite what might be expected, De Dreu and Gelfand (2007) has noticed the negative elements of contention, for example, expanded focused on, low occupation fulfillment and the other way around of positive capacities. Numerous researchers would contend for the most part on the positive capacities that emerge from the contention issues, for example, those identified with assignments (for example planning best procedure) instead of individual issues (for example differences on

Whos The Boss Essay Example For Students

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Global History Essay Topics

Global History Essay TopicsGlobal history essay topics are normally general, descriptive or analytical in nature. Since so many people all over the world are interested in writing these types of essays, the same sets of topics are also likely to be sought after by many students in other countries. Indeed, since many English-speaking countries are becoming more multicultural, the world-wide search for essays that deal with various cultures and histories has risen steadily over the past several decades.The most important thing to keep in mind about global history topics is that they are necessarily very broad and generalized. This means that they can't focus on a small part of the world or narrow the focus of the globe to a smaller area. For example, you might want to write an essay on America's relationship with Mexico. You might also write an essay on North American politics, or one on India's influence on South Asia.Global history essay topics can cover just about any topic, from th e history of medieval England to the history of modern Africa. In fact, this is part of the reason why these topics are so popular: since they offer a very broad overview of the globe, they make it possible to examine different parts of the globe at the same time, while avoiding the need to work on individual countries at the same time.For example, if you wanted to write an essay on medieval England, you would first have to look for global history essay topics about Medieval England. Of course, if you really want to talk about modern England, you have to start with something broader, like 'global history topics.' This means that you need to look for a wider variety of historical facts and dates than if you were just looking for essay topics on Modern England, or some other segment of the history of the United Kingdom.It might be hard to understand how it's possible to write global history essay topics that address such a wide variety of historical events and facts, but the truth is that such topics are really very easy to write and research. Anyone who understands that the global or intercontinental level of discussion is about something more than a little bit of localized, domestic significance should be able to find what they are looking for. After all, there is no shortage of actual information about world history to work with!Even so, some students might prefer global history essay topics that are less broad, or that focus on a certain culture or region. In this case, they might be looking for less specific or more narrow topics. To be sure, this isn't always easy to do - but if you understand that it is possible to pick and choose the essay topics that appeal to you, you might be more likely to choose the right ones.In fact, the real challenge for students who are trying to decide how to choose the global history essay topics that will be most appealing to them is finding the topics that appeal to them without going too far outside their comfort zone. Thi s is true for students of all different levels and interests, and it is also true for writers of every kind of essay. If you can figure out what appeals to you without losing sight of your broader education and goals, you might be able to narrow down your choice of essay topics significantly.The bottom line is that if you are thinking about writing global history essay topics, you should be ready to go beyond your comfort zone. The more familiar you are with the world and the wider the range of topics you are willing to write about, the better you will be able to write good global history essay topics that make sense to you.

Nclex Studyguide Pn - 7137 Words

DO NOT delegate what you can EAT! E - evaluate A - assess T - teach addisons= down, down down up down cushings= up up up down up addisons= hyponatremia, hypotension, decreased blood vol, hyperkalemia, hypoglycemia cushings= hypernatremia, hypertension, incrased blood vol, hypokalemia, hyperglycemia No Pee, no K (do not give potassium without adequate urine output) EleVate Veins; dAngle Arteries for better perfusion A= appearance (color all pink, pink and blue, blue [pale]) P= pulse (100, 100, absent) G= grimace (cough, grimace, no response) A= activity (flexed, flaccid, limp) R= respirations (strong cry, weak cry, absent) TRANSMISSION-BASED PRECAUTIONS: AIRBORNE My - Measles Chicken - Chicken Pox/Varicella Hez - Herpez Zoster/Shingles†¦show more content†¦Myesthenia gravis is caused by a disorder in the transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle cell. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ( ALS ) is a condition in which there is a degeneration of motor neurons in both the upper lower motor neuron systems. Transesophageal Fistula (TEF) - esophagus doesnt fully develop (this is a surgical emergency) The 3 Cs of TEF in the newborn: 1) Choking 2) Coughing 3) Cyanosis The MMR vaccine is given SQ not IM. Red--unstable, ie, occluded airway, actively bleeding, see first Yellow---stable, can wait up to an hour for treatment, ie burns, see second Green---stable, can wait even longer to be seen, walking wounded Black--unstable clients that will probably

Lost Love in The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Essay - 1001 Words

Edgar Allan Poe tells the story of a bereaved man who is grieving for his lost love in the poem, â€Å"The Raven.† During a dark and gloomy night, the man hears a knock at his door. Hoping that it is Lenore, his dead lover, coming back to him, he goes to open the door. Unfortunately, he is only met with emptiness and disappointment. Shortly after, a raven flies into the room through the window and lands on the bust of Pallas. The man begins to converse with this dark and mysterious bird. In response to everything the man says, the raven repeats one dreadful word: â€Å"Nevermore.† The symbolism of the raven being connected to death, and the man’s interaction with the dark bird reveals to readers that he is going through the stages of dying.†¦show more content†¦Beyond that, however, the man is also dying. The stages of dying, as previously stated, are: denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. Individuals dying do not have to go through thes e stages in this order, though acceptance is usually last, and not every stage is always fulfilled. Characteristically, the main character does not go through his process of dying in this exact order, and it is also unclear whether or not he accepts his death at the end of the poem. At the start of the process, the man is in denial of his death. He hears a knock on the door, and his immediate thoughts go to Lenore’s death. He then tries to quell his emotions by reminding himself, â€Å"Tis some visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door/ Some late visitor entreating entrance at my chamber door/ This it is, and nothing more† (16-18). He repeats over and over that it is just an average late-night visitor and not death coming for him. Luckily, when he opens the door, he is only greeted by the emptiness of the night. The man notes, â€Å"Back into the chamber turning, all my soul within me burning (31). The man goes back into room with his soul intact, death is not at his doormat just yet, but he still has yet to accept the coming of his end. The progressions of the next stages are aided by the raven. As the man continues to interact with the raven, he becomes increasingly interestedShow MoreRelatedBrianna Ruiz-Vannerson. Leonard Miller. Enc1102. Feb. 231548 Words   |  7 PagesMiller ENC1102 Feb. 23 2017 The Compelling Mind of Edgar Allan Poe Through: â€Å"Lenore† and â€Å"The Raven† Throughout the life of esteemed author Edgar Allan Poe, there have been many time that this extraordinary man’s life has been turned upside down with grief. His first encounter with this wretched demon was when he was no older than three years of age. The mother who birthed him dies and his father abandons them before her death (â€Å"Edgar Allan Poe†). He then is separated from his brother and sisterRead MoreEdgar Allan Poe- the Similarities Between Life and Poetry1380 Words   |  6 Pagesexponents of this was Edgar Allan Poe. He was able to captivate an audience and almost hypnotise them with his use of language and rhythm. However, his tragic life affected the themes behind his poems, which have been described as early gothic literature. His ‘weapon of choice,’ was the theme of lost love and loneliness. These themes are perhaps best reflected in his two most famous poems ‘The Raven’ and ‘Annabel Lee.’ Tragedy is the theme which governed most of Edgar Allan Poe’s life. Born in 1809Read MoreEssay about Literary Analysis of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe565 Words   |  3 PagesLiterary Analysis of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe The life of Edgar Allan Poe was as morbid and melancholy as his works. After the abandonment by his father and the disturbing death of his mother, both prominent traveling actors, Edgar was reluctantly forced into orphanage. He was later taken into the home of John Allan, a wealthy tobacco merchant. Their relationship was shaky, at best, and the contention between the two would last until Allans death, where his willRead MoreThe Melancholic Tone of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Essay928 Words   |  4 PagesThe Melancholic Tone of The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe Edgar Allan Poes The Raven, is representing Poes own introvertedness, which is strangely moving and attractive to the reader. In his essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition, Poe reveals his intent in writing The Raven and also describes the work of writing the poem as being carefully calculated in all aspects. Of all melancholy topics, Poe wished to use the most understood, death, specifically death involving a beautiful womanRead MoreEssay about Edgar Allan Poe1258 Words   |  6 Pagesstill†(â€Å"Spirits Of The Dead†). As the â€Å"Father Of Horror† Poe loved to write about his feelings in a more, disturbing and haunting way. He wrote many great poems about death, ghosts, and even some love stories; but in a twisted way. Poe had a deep love for writing and for much of his life could not share that with the world. Once he got into college, Poe started sharing his works with others. Soon he became famous and earned the name â€Å"Father Of Horror†. Edgar Allen Poe’s tragic life led to a fascination withRead MoreEssay about Edgar Allen Poe: The Raven1151 Words   |  5 PagesEdgar Allen Poe: The Raven Creating the Melancholic Tone in â€Å"The Raven† Edgar Allan Poe’s The Raven, representing Poe’s own introverted crisis of hell, is unusually moving and attractive to the reader. In his essay entitled The Philosophy of Composition, Poe reveals his purpose in writing â€Å"The Raven† and also describes the work of composing the poem as being carefully calculated in all aspects. Of all melancholy topics, Poe wished to use the one that was universally understood, death; specificallyRead MoreThe Dark Romanticism Of Edgar Allan Poe1497 Words   |  6 PagesEdgar Allan Poe was a prominent writer during the era of Romanticism, but Poe’s poems focused primarily on the Dark Romanticism, developed under Romanticism. The era of Romanticism was commonly described as showing raw emotion, but there was still a conflict in the story. The purpose of Romanticism was for the writer to feel free; there were no rules when it came to this form of writing. Dark Romant icism was looking at the gothic side of stories rather than the heroism stories, which focused moreRead MoreIn The Years Before Abraham Lincoln Was Elected The Sixteenth1535 Words   |  7 Pagesgothic writing, Mr. Edgar Allan Poe. Considered by many to be the creator of detective fiction and a contributor to the emergence of science fiction, Edgar Allan Poe has written various stories surrounding the themes of mystery and darkness. From his short stories â€Å"The Black Cat† or â€Å"The Tale-Tell Heart† Poe’s macabre theme has made countries shiver in anticipation when they read them. However, aside from his short stories, one of Poe’s greatest masterpieces is his famed poem â€Å"The Raven†. The poem itselfRead MoreAnalysis of â€Å"The Raven† Essay1264 Words   |  6 PagesNoted for its supernatural atmosphere and musically rhythmic tone, â€Å"The Raven† by Edgar Allan Poe was first published in 1845. Once published, â€Å"The Raven† made Edgar Allan Poe widely popular, although he did not flourish financially. Poe received a large amount of attention from critics, who not only interpreted, but critiqued his work. He claimed to have structured the poem logically and systematically, so that the poem would appeal to not only critical tastes, but popular as well. The writingRead More Deep into Darkness Peering Essay1711 Words   |  7 PagesEdgar Allan Poe is considered to be one of America’s most prominent poets. While his reputation precedes him, there is little that is actually known about the famous author. His life can only be accurately summed up by a few historical accounts and a series of letters written in his own hand. These, of course, do not even come close to describing the man behind the pen, as it were. One critic writes, â€Å"monomania can easily be developed over the motely tragedy of the personal life of Poe, so deeply

Giving People A Second Chance - 1477 Words

Ernest Martinez in his essay â€Å"Giving People a Second Chance† tries to persuade Hispanic business owners to give Hispanic ex-cons a second chance at life. Martinez was a former vocational instructor in Wasco State prison so he was first-hand experience with interaction with Hispanic ex-cons. His essay was featured in Hispanic Magazine’s June 1996 edition in which his audience is mainly Hispanic business owners who can put in to action his wishes. In his essay Martinez uses a strong emotional appeal and plays to his audience to try to persuade Hispanic business owners, but in doing so does not provide sufficient evidence or examples that could make his argument a quite strong one. In his essay, Martinez has three key points throughout the essay. The first is his main point that Hispanic ex-cons should be given a second chance by business owners, mainly Hispanic as well. He supports this claim with his other two main points, but also with other minor points as we ll. Martinez’s introduction paragraph tries to use the brotherly aspect of Hispanic culture to support his main claim of hiring ex-cons. To intensify this point, he claims that despite how brotherly the culture is supposed to be as Hispanics are highly religious, many of times, â€Å"We[Hispanics] ostracize ourselves.† Martinez also tries to use the example from Dr. Peter Drucker in which in short states that the most valuable resource for a business and those that think otherwise we become a failed business forShow MoreRelatedGiving People A Second Chance By Ernest Martinez905 Words   |  4 PagesIn Ernest Martinez’s article, â€Å"Giving People a Second Chance,† he express his thought towards Hispanic ex-convicts. Martinez believes that once ex-convicts do their time in prison, they should be given an equal opportunity to find quality work just as those who were never in prison. He writes that society tends to neglect â€Å"Hispanic brethren who are ex-convicts who need employment avenues for re-entry into society.† Martinez’s main point is that, even individuals who decide to make wrong decisionsRead MoreDonation Of Human Organs : Organ Donation905 Words   |  4 Pages118,617 people waiting on life-saving organ transplant. Organ donation is a noble act, and anyone can do it. Most people that donate are the ones that do it after death. The reason for this is to help someone that needs the donation. Organ donation promotes a general principle of giving and selflessness; it would help with medical cost, and can be effective by giving someone a second chance at life. While there are penalty of reasons to donate there is one reason it is selflessness. Giving someoneRead MoreDivorce : A Legal Procedure926 Words   |  4 Pagesestablish new laws making divorce more difficult to obtain as it gives the couple more time to understand and resolve the problem that led to divorce. It also, helps the children of the couple to understand the situation of their parents’ marriage, giving the child more time to become mentally stable. As the divorce rates continue to increase, the traditional family settings are falling apart, leaving negative effects on children. The easy going life each individual lives today gives them no toleranceRead MoreThe Youth Criminal Justice Act879 Words   |  4 PagesCriminal Justice Act is a system which enforces the punishment of teenagers from the ages of 12-17, if they commit crimes. Notably, the YCJA’s fundamental goal is to be fair and equitable to all adolescents. Above all, in the eyes of justice, giving chances is the key to opening the offender’s successful future. With this intention in mind, this system is reasonable in many ways. All things considered, the YCJA is a substantial benefactor in helping juveniles all across Canada reach the sky. WhenRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Inside Rikers 1101 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Inside Rikers†, written by Jennifer Wynn, Wynn shares the lives from the â€Å"world’s largest penal colony† the inmates from Rikers Island. She really humanizes criminals by giving them faces and names because she does what most American are unwil ling to do because they are afraid, that is forgiving people and giving them second chances. She really does see the good in the hearts of some staunch criminals. At the same time, she is a clear sighted humanist on how hard it is to leave the criminal lifestyleRead MoreEssay about Organ Donation -Saving Lives1034 Words   |  5 Pagesorgan transplantation usually occurs when the recipient organ has failed (UNOS, 2010). Organ donation can save the lives of many individuals who are on the waiting list for an organ donation. Becoming an organ donor can be a difficult decision. Many people have the false beliefs about being an organ donor. An example would be if organ donor is on their driver’s license and a person is in a life-threatening accident everything will not be done to save their life. There is an increase need for organ donorsRead MorePersuasive Speech971 Words   |  4 Pagesexample, if you were born with a heart defect and required a transfusion for a chance at l ife. What if there was no blood available? Well for instance, my niece was born with a rare blood disorder called ITP (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura) to which her body kills off her own platelets. When her platelets fall, it would require her to have a transfusion. Just imagine if nobody gave blood. She and others would not have a chance at life. B. Not very nice images to think about but it happens everydayRead MoreMarketing Assignment : Three Different Aspects Of Marketing826 Words   |  4 Pagesalso spend Sunday afternoons together with family, so is Thanksgiving. Every year during Thanksgiving there is a football game going on, giving advertises the opportunity to have their message be heard and seen by many people tuning in to watch the game. Advertises have certainly taken advantage of this holiday tradition, and many have started to include 6 second ads during the games. What they’ve done is used a zoom out function, to create a â€Å"double-box screen† ad, placing their ad around the gameRead MoreEssay about Persuasive Speech: Why Be an Organ Donor588 Words   |  3 Pagesever saved a life from ending? If a good portion say, â€Å"you can save even more people by becoming an organ donor.† If not a good portion say â€Å"who here will save someone’s life if it is as easy as writing two word?† You are all in luck. Becoming an organ donor, you are entitled to be able to say, â€Å"I will save a life†. The feeling of selflessly giving someone a second chance in life is incredible. You have the chance to do this by becoming an organ donor. Being an organ donor makes you a lifesaverRead MoreThe Ethics of Capital Punishment Essay1608 Words   |  7 Pageshumans life? It is a question most people have the answer for when it comes to capital punishment. Capital punishment is known to some people one of the cruelest punishment to humanity. Some people believe giving a person the death penalty does not solve anything. While others believe it is payback to the criminal for the crime they have committed. There have been 13,000 people executed since the colonial times, among 1900 and 1985 there were 139 innocent people sentence to death only 23 were executed

BIO 441 IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Essay Example For Students

BIO 441 IMMUNOLOGY SEROLOGY Essay BIO 546 IMMUNOLOGYThursday, March 11, 2004 ONLINE TESTEach multiple choice question has one answer unless indicated otherwise atthe end of the question1. If a fully mature autoreactive B-lymphocyte leaves the bone marrow andis not anergic, what will happen if that B-cell forms high affinity bondswith the self-antigen for which it is specific? (one answer)A. it will then become anergic, rendering it unable to respondB. it will die (by apoptosis)C. it will respondD. it will cease to express B7 molecules2. Initiation of B-cell development eventually stimulates initiation ofgene fragment somatic recombination for heavy and light chains. Theserecombination events occur within the nucleus and are started when whichone of the following is activated?A. recombinant activation genes (RAG)B. Ig-alpha and Ig-beta trans nuclear membrane tailsC. apoptosis-inducing nucleoside sequencesD. B73. Elimination of autoreactive T-cytotoxic lymphocytes (negativeselection) occurs when which one of the follow ing conditions is met?A. high affinity bonds form between the T-cell antigen receptor and anantigen presented by an MHC Class IIB. at the same time that the T-cell becomes restricted with regard to theMHC Class I molecules that can successfully present peptides to theautoreactive T-cellC. high affinity covalent bonds form between the T-cell antigen receptorand an antigen presented by a MHC Class ID. high affinity non-covalent bonds form between the T-cell antigenreceptor and an antigen presented by a MHC Class I4. Which one of the following types of cells is encountered first as a stemcell begins to move through the thymus during its development into a fullyfunctional T-cytotoxic cell?A. cortical epithelial cellsB. double-positive dendritic cellsC. macrophages presenting very large numbers of peptides using MHC Class IID. stromal cells expressing Kit and SCF, and also secreting IL-75. The original source of the dendritic cells and macrophages that arefound in the medulla of the thym us is which one of the following?A. the cortex of the thymus (the cells simply move inward to the medullaand prepare to participate in negative selection)B. the bone marrow (same area from which the stem cells originate that willeventually become T-cells)C. they are permanent residents of the thymus medulla (i.e., are bornthere) and remain in the medulla to participate in positive selectionD. the spleen (which is often an ignored organ when the immune system isstudied in detail)6. The cell that is most directly responsible for initiating B-celldevelopment and several of the early steps in that development is which oneof the following?A. dendritic cellB. epithelial cell (in the cortex)C. endothelial cell expressing high levels of VCAM-1D. stromal cell7. There is a series of cell-cell interactions during B-cell developmentthat involve surface molecules of both the B-cell and the cell thatinitiates the development process. Which one of the following is an exampleof one of those surface -surface interactions?A. IL-7 and IL-7 receptorB. Kit and SCFC. MHC Class I and CD8D. heavy chain and surrogate light chain8. MHC restriction refers to a process that takes place during T-celldevelopment that ensures a proper fit between which TWO of the following?(select TWO answers that are correct)A. MHCB. the T-cell antigen receptorC. CDD. CD289. The appearance of which one of the following on the surface of adeveloping B-lymphocyte indicates that a heavy chain has been successfullyproduced, but creation of a light chain has not begun?A. functional antigen receptors of the IgM isotype (monomeric form)B. a non-functional receptor-like molecule (2 heavy chains and 2 surrogatelight chains)C. a non-functional receptor-like molecule (1 beta chain and 1 surrogatealpha chain)D. a non-functional receptor-like molecule with 2 complete, functional Fabportions10. Good cell adhesion is very important to cells that are interacting witheach other. Often the interactions between two surface mo lecules on twointeracting cells will alter other sets of interacting molecules and affectthe overall adhesion of the two cells. For example, when a T-cell receptorforms high affinity bonds with a peptide presented by an MHC and the CDmolecule also forms bonds with the same MHC, nearby LFA-1 and ICAM-1molecules are affected in which one of the following ways?A. these two surface molecules form even stronger bondsB. the LFA-1 disappears, and is replaced by a much higher affinity IL-7receptorC. these two surface molecules dissociate, and the contact between the twocells ceases (as the cells have completed all of the necessary steps thatoccur during the adhesion phase)D. if the T-cell has .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .postImageUrl , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:hover , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:visited , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:active { border:0!important; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:active , .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5 .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u49ac117ff7d58b5e7411aa18fa7bc2d5:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: A Slight Misunderstanding Essay

Social Change Within Society and Culture free essay sample

Culture Culture refers to the knowledge, ways of thinking, feeling and behaving that give each society its coherence and its distinctive way of life. Culture is demonstrated by the beliefs, customs, values, laws, arts, technology and artefacts people generate and use as the interpret meaning from their world and solves present and future problems. Environment Every society is located in a particular physical setting. The attitudes and values people have in regard to their environment greatly affect interactions between the person, society, culture and environment. Environments present societies with opportunities and restraints. Time Every person, society and environment is located in time and is changing through time. Our perceptions of time as past, present and future are also important for social enquiry and action. These perceptions draw on past events that influence our present. They need not determine our future. We can perceive a range of possible future that can assist our decision-making. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Change Within Society and Culture or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Power involves a capacity to influence others to follow a course of action or point of view they would not otherwise follow. Authority Authority implies a legitimate use of influence/persuasion. Someone in authority has accepted rights to make decisions regardless of those affected by the decisions opinion. Gender refers to the socially constructed differences between men and women. Its refers to the value society places on those physical and biological differences. It may mean that a society accepts males as tough and boisterous, while females are accepted as sensitive and shy. These beliefs only have meaning because a society gives them one, not because they are based on fact. Technology Technology means the tools that make tasks easier, enhancing the natural ability of persons to perform those tasks. Technology is not accessed equally across the world and countries and companies with higher access to higher levels of technology are able to produce more products quickly and distribute them more efficiently. Core Concepts Empowerment used to describe groups within a society gaining access to power structures and being able to assert some control over their destiny. Globalisation describes the emergence of a global culture brought about by a variety of social and cultural developments such as, the existence of world information systems, the emergence of a global pattern of consumption and consumerism. It involves the consciousness of the world as a single place. Heritage refers to the collective past of a country. It may be physical heritage (materials or remains) or cultural heritage (songs, stories or music). It also plays a role in maintaining continuity. Industrialisation refers to the transition in methods of production that has been responsible for increasing wealth, creating capacity of modern societies compared to traditional systems. I may refer to manufacturing, agriculture and administration. Modernisation the adoption of new technology education and ways of thinking. A process of social change from the adoption of characteristics of a advanced society through societies that are less advanced. Westernisation A method and values of western industrial capitalism are the basis of changes occurring. A country adopts the values common in major western countries, USA, UK, Australia. These values include democracy, capitalism, and the adoption of free market economic industrialisation. Research Methodologies Social and Cultural Research the way we go about finding out things we dont know in the area of society and culture. It normally involves selecting a specific topic, deciding on the most appropriate methodologies, collecting data interpreting your results and presenting your findings. Quantitative research involves methodologies such as surveys, which enable you to collect data that can be turned into graphs, tables and diagrams. An advantage of measurable research is that it makes it easy to compare with other research. Qualitative research Qualitative research relies upon open ended questionnaires that are unstructured. Interviews and participant observation. The data you collect is normally personal opinions and require interpretation. Methodologies Adv Disadv Survey Uses observation or a questionnaire. It is a process of conducting a study from a representative sample of specific populating. Must be comprised of closed questions, multiple choice and rating scale. Closed questions Open questions †¢ Easier to interpret †¢ Minimal cost †¢ Many responses †¢ anonymity †¢ Cant elaborate †¢ little flexibility †¢ May misinterpret †¢ survey not returned by certain time. Case Study Case Study involves the collection of data related to an individual or small group through observation, interviews or evidence. Fairly detailed accurate info †¢ can get very involved †¢ research may be bias †¢ limited by the resources available to researcher Participant Observation Researcher is immersed in the action being observed but their role as researcher is not obvious. Researchers must be aware of ethical implications. †¢ requires researcher to reflect †¢ indepth, detailed à ¢â‚¬ ¢ participant may be self conscious †¢ difficult for researcher to get involved †¢ alter behaviour Content Analysis The study and interpretation of written and visual material. †¢ useful for range of cultural data †¢ very current info †¢ material shows bias very time consuming Focus Group A small group who (indepth) discuss a topic. Researcher records information. It is similar to interview but with up to eight people. †¢ Provides good qualitative information. †¢ Dynamic responses †¢ Lots of ideas †¢ difficult to select right participants †¢ difficult for group to trust each other Action Research Informal, qualitative, requires all participants to be collaborative researchers. People who recognise a problem in a workplace situation and devise a solution. †¢ Very accurate †¢ many ideas, updated †¢ researcher very involved †¢ Time consuming †¢ Confusing difficult to obtain conclusions. Personal Reflection Requires the researcher to reflect upon and evaluate their own experiences, memories, values and opinions in relation to specific issue or topic. †¢ Reflecting on own experiences †¢ Evaluating personal matters †¢ may cause friction with difficult issues †¢ personal bias Questionnaire Collecting data from a large and diverse sample of people. It is impersonal and contains clear questions worded simply to avoid confusion. Should be brief, logical sequence of questions †¢ minimal cost †¢ wide responses quickly †¢ anonymous †¢ Failure to receive responses little flexibility †¢ Misinterpret question Interview Interview may be structured, semi structured or unstructured indepth or conversational. This is a one on one situation that is time consuming. Structured very specific Unstructured broad, general Semi-structured open and closed †¢ quick and easy †¢ detailed and indepth †¢ can change questions to suit situation †¢ fl exible, quick †¢ time consuming †¢ not indepth †¢ difficult to analyse †¢ may be confusing †¢ difficult to analyse Observation Involves watching and recording behaviour within a clearly defined area. The researcher may be passive observer and outside the actions being observed and recorded. †¢ identity of person is known †¢ researchers reflect on situation †¢ participants alter behaviour †¢ self conscious Ethnographic Study Systematic collection of data derived from direct observation of everyday life of a particular society, group or subculture. This requires researchers immersion in the culture under study and is interactive process. The researcher is interested in understanding the customs and beliefs or this social group in the way of engaging in everyday life. †¢ indepth detailed †¢ researcher becomes very involved very time consuming †¢ researcher may be bias or make incorrect judgement. Statistical Analysis Examining data to interpret meaning, make generalisations and extrapolate trends. Often data come in graphical form and analysed by statistical procedures †¢ Up to date relevant information †¢ easy to graph and present †¢ info can date quickly †¢ inaccuracies when transferring info Macro and micro worlds Micro world, peers, family and school. It refers to personal experience and the ideas, insight, reflections, knowledge on life experiences of the individual which can be used to generate an understanding of the wider world. Macro world, laws, workplace, government. It refers to Public Knowledge involving history of systematic research that can be used to clarify, unify and order. Groups formed so society can function, control and organise Informal short experiences not governed by rigid rules Formal expected conduct and formalised relations Decision making formal groups have predetermined procedures. Minority groups cultural practices and appearance unlike the dominate groups making them susceptible to unequal treatment. Institution part of the structure of society, organised e. g. hurch, government, law Organisation structure within society which is set in place for e. g. business, clubs, political parties. Power and Authority POWER Institutional position power is part of a role that others see as legitimate e. g. president or judges. Property owning ones property denying access to property e. g. landlords or factory owners. Force physically removing, threatening to inflict damage e. g. physi cal harm or public humiliation. Personal qualities charm and charisma e. g. singers, religious leaders Legitimate power recognising and applying power e. g. government officials Empowerment to give power to other e. g. principles give children power to run assemblies. AUTHORITY Traditional based on birthrights unwritten rules e. g. royal family the son becomes king. Legal or rational Power legitimate by ruled defined by leader e. g. prime minister, mayor Charismatic Power legitimated by remarkable qualities attributed to specific leader e. g. Jesus, Hitler, Martin Luther King Decision making Decision making making up your mind, deciding about something, making choices, resolving issues. Simple decision one that is easy Complex decision important, made in a group There are different types of decisions. †¢ Decisions made for you, by someone else e. g. by force or persuasion. †¢ Automatic Decisions, dont think about it, its instinctive. †¢ Quick Decision, made without alot of though, impulsively. †¢ Thoughtful Decision, perhaps made after discussing it with a friend or parent. †¢ Group Decision, reached only after much though and decision involving other people. We live ion a democratic society, we participate in decision making which affects us and our families e. g. casting votes at elections when we are 18, joining groups and committees. There are decisions that are out of our control as adults. Decisions are affected by, influence, power and authority, compromise, conflict, consultation and imposition, winners and loser, available resources and vested interests. All families have needs and wants, requiring many different decisions to be made. Most decisions within family unit are made by adults. Yet this is changing. decision making is an ongoing process, we make decisions all the time, as individuals and in groups. A simple way to decide is to write down the advantages and disadvantages. The Nature of Social and Cultural Continuity and Change Identifying the nature of social and cultural continuity and change CONTINUITY Continuity persistence of cultural elements in a society. new ideas are developed and grafted onto old ideas. Continuation of social groups, forms of interaction, customs, beliefs e. g. Alphabet, process or paper making. Conformity is the strongest where some of these conditions are evident in a society. †¢ Vested interest †¢ Change resisted by fear †¢ Loss of power or wealth †¢ Rigid caste systems †¢ Strongly help beliefs, do nit share others values Psychological barriers, resistance due to tradition Ethnocentrism; passing judgement on attitudes and lifestyles in other societies. We tend to believe our own society is superiors because of long term direct experience. This assists group loyalty however it can lead to barriers in accepting features of other societies. This relates to conformity and continuity rather than change . Suspicion, prejudice and stereotyping are all parts of Ethnocentrism. Cultural relativity; helps stop ethnocentrism, cultural relativity requires an act, that should be regarded positively and forfills needs of a society. Elements of society are continuous †¢ Hereditary value (language spoken) †¢ Standardized behavior (driving on the right side of the road) Theory of cultural lag Developed by William Ogburn, the theory argues attitudinal aspects of culture, lag behind when change first occurs in the material aspect of culture e. g. computers. Continuity and socialisation Continuity is part of the socialisation process. Socialisation transmits culture from generations, it is an informal process of learning values, norms, and skills observed and participation e. g. rules set by law ad religious beliefs. CHANGE Change constant element in life, significant alteration in patterns of culture and social structure that are reflected in social behavior. Change is a constant element in social life. All societies experience social change, a significant alternation in the patterns of culture an social structures that are reflected in social behavior. Some societies, like small tribes change slowly due to isolation, while other like the United States change rapidly. Social Change refers to; †¢ Identity of change, what changes †¢ Level of change, level in an individual, group or society †¢ Rate of change, sudden or gradual Direction of change, will it improve or get worse †¢ Magnitude of change, comprehensive, revolutionary In order to appreciate the degree and nature of change we must have a level of stability or baseline against which to measure, Change is not uniform. Not all cultural and social elements change at the same rate. Factors that influences change include; †¢ E nvironmental conditions †¢ Isolation †¢ Available resources †¢ Population †¢ Political organisations †¢ Cultural factors †¢ Leaders and entrepreneurs Innovation Innovation, change occurred when people think of new ways of doing things. Technological innovation are, cars which changed the structure of cities, mobile phones which increased communication, internet world wide communication, planes. Cultural innovations are new beliefs and values systems, religions. Social Innovations are bureaucratic organisation which enable people to cope with the demands of present day society. CHANGE CAN SPREAD Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of ideas form one society to another examples of this are; †¢ Domestication of animals †¢ Invention of machines, industrial revolution †¢ Invention of siliconchip. Closeness to centres of invention is important because new ideas is adversely proportional to distance, the more isolated the slower the development. Media and transportation reduced isolation and help speed up innovations, culture value shows this. Diffusion can be planned e. g. economic aid to third world countries. Acculturation Acculturation is the adoption of new ideas, values by one culture to another because of prolonged interaction. Acculturation is rapid, through direct contact, migration, military and missionaries. Examples are worker in India taken to Fiji, missionaries living in Indigenous areas. Acculturation is a two way process; 1) Transculturation Two cultures take ideas from one another, one is dominant. 1) Involuntary acculturation One culture has political control and forces the other society to accept its ideas. Collective Behavior Collective Behavior is unpredictable behavior of groups when working outside societies recognized institutions. Types of collective behavior include; †¢ Panics †¢ Conventional crowds e. g. marches, rallies †¢ Acting crowds e. g. mobs, riots †¢ Rumors; untrue reports spread via collective behavior †¢ Fad, short lives †¢ Fashion Public opinion; ideas and attitudes shared by member of the public. Institutional Behavior is predictable patterns, regulated by traditional norms. The nature of continuity Continuity of the persistence of social and cultural elements with a society e. g. social group of family and peers. Continuities with Australia include; †¢ Anzac Day, Australia day †¢ Melbourne Cup †¢ Vegemite †¢ Schoolies week †¢ Year 12 formal Some societies with strongly help traditional beliefs, continuities are dominant, conformity is encourages. Few elements are added e. g traditional societies based on strong religious beliefs. Continuities persist because; †¢ We need to preserve our language, laws, morals, ethics, behavior so that our traditions last into the future. This is done through the socialisation process, we pass social continues onto generations. In the micro world this happens through family, in the macro world it is through media, government, law, education and religion. †¢ Continuities (traditions) provide security for a society to help maintain links to the pasty so there is a sense of continuity for the future. †¢ Continuity brings stability to society, t prevents chaos followed from massive change. The nature of change Change is the alteration of how things are done, the alteration in pattern of culture, social structure and social behavior over time. No society can successfully prevent change, some societies are more resistant however. The rates, nature and direction of change different from one society e. g. Australian compared to traditional pygmy society of Africa. Change occurs when people think of new ways of doing something e. g. innovations. Innovations spread by diffusion and acculturation. Change forces societies to consider traditions they wish to keep or discard. Change in societies is inevitable; †¢ can be constructive (new medicine) †¢ can be destructive (pollution) †¢ may be sudden (war or death) †¢ evolve gradually (animal extinction) We need to prepare for change. It is constant element of social life. Some changes are planned, others unplanned. They can be of a short duration (fads and fashion) or long duration (invention of cars). Some changes are readily accepted (improved health care) while other are controversial (feminist movement). Modernisation The process of change in society in terms of development to a more modern society is said to be called Modernisation. It is a process of social change resulting from diffusion and adoption of characteristics of more modern societies by societies said to be less advanced. This process involves greater social mobility, more effective government control, acceptance of innovations and changing social values. †¢ Process of Modernisation refers to economic, social and cultural changes that occur when pre industrial societies (traditional) make transition to a more advanced industrial society. †¢ major thrusts of Modernisation is industrialization. †¢ there is no end to the Modernisation process. the more modern a society Australia the more it undergoes this process. Who benefits from Modernisation †¢ many of the younger groups are willing to embrace change †¢ the educated understand and rationalize change †¢ The wealthy can afford change Who do not benefit from Modernisation †¢ The elder, unskilled, conservative christians †¢ The poor or uneducated. †¢ They see modernization a destroying traditional values. Examining the impact of continuity and change upon the lives of people in the micro and macro worlds MACROWORLD The macroworld continuities are refered to as traditions e. g. Australians love going to the beach is recognized across generations. Macroworld change operates on different levels Changes in government may cause changes in society e. g. liberal government replaced by labour (whitlam) lead to reform in fault divorce. Technological Change in the macroworld e. g. vinyl records to compact disc. Communication changes e. g. snail mail to email Organisations changed around the world, replaced with globalisation. Political power now belongs to multinational companies. Environment Continuity or change will impact the macroworld e. g. increase in global awareness, problem with depleting resources/species and atmosphere problems. Development of international domestic laws combat these changes. Microworld e. g. joining organisations such as greenpeace. Population change Macroworld size; international organisations set up to combat large populations in developing countries e. g. AID including food. Microworld size; 40 hour famine charity, donations Macroworld distribution; laws have been set up to provide infrastructure for migrants to move countries. Microworld distribution; bring different foods, languages Macroworld composition; aging population, an increase in retirement homes Microworld composition; work longer, no pension Political organisations Macroworld; type of government running the country, influences school syllabus Microworld; voting, compulsory English Leaders and change Macroworld; Howard e. g. policy on terrorism increases security. Microworld; postponement of overseas travel. Innovations Macroworld; invention e. g. internet creates global village. Laws regulate abuse of technology Microworld; easy communication access to information Acculturation/Diffusion migrants Macroworld; regulation and laws increase immigrants. Media plays role in diffusing/acculturating society Microworld; different food/religions, more culture in schools. Collective Behavior- fashion fads Macroworld; straight hair, hipster jeans Microworld; buying a muster hair straighter. Distinguishing between personal experience and public knowledge MICROWORLD Microworld; family, peers, school, sport teams, community life The world we know through personal experience. Experiences help us grow and develop as human beings. It helps us engage in personal reflection Personal experience; ideas, insight, reflection or an individual used to generate understanding of the wider world. MACROWORLD Macroworld; media, law, government, libraries, research Public knowledge collection of knowledge assembled through research from a range of personal experience knowledge is found in books, lectures, documents. Public Knowledge; socially constructed knowledge involving a history of research. It is achieved through institutions, government, religion and mass media. Role of power and authority in social and cultural continuity and change GOVERNMENT Change; government members initiate and debate new laws. Governments can change themselves after elections. Continuity; Governments maintain political stability by protecting laws that are already in place. The also maintain traditional political parties. . g. Labour, liberal and heritage and traditions e. g. anthem, Australian flag. LEADERS (politicians, religious, business) Change; can be by force e. g. Hitler, by vote e. g. John Howard, through inspiration e. g. Nelson Mandella Continuity; used their power to influence others, maintain traditions and encouraging people to believe what they them selves believe. RELIGIOUS ORGANISATIONS Change; some churches/religion have adjusted to contemporary society and accepted gay community, women priests, play modern music. Continuity; most churches maintain continuities through their ceremonies and beliefs. Churches are conservative, perpetuate morals, values and customs of their doctrine. EDUCATIONAL ORGANISATIONS Change; school deals with change by introducing new curriculum, latest technology and new legal rules e. g. anti-bullying. Continuity; formal assembly, uniform, orientation day, awards presented. THE FAMILY Change; in size, status, structure and roles to suit modern society. More mothers in the workforce has caused change in families. Continuity; celebrations, religious customs, relationships, the concept of family and what it means has remained constant. Theories of social change and evaluating their role in explaining continuities and changes in society. Theory is a statement that organizes a set of concepts in a meaningful way by explaining the relationship among them. A full grasp of social change needs more than an understanding of some specific factors that can provoke change. We need a broader theory that explains how, why and what direction social change in general takes place. A successful theory of social change must do more than describe events it must explain how and why change takes the form that it does. SOCIO EVOLUTIONARY THEORY Theorist Herbert Spencer and Charles Darwin The main idea of this theory is that this theory implies that all societies gradually change from traditional and simple to more complex following only one path. Modern socio theorists believe that development and change could occur in a multilinear way i. e. following several different paths, not just one. They did not believe that industrial societies were necessarily superior to rural based or traditional societies and did not view all changes as progress. Strengths; It says that societies can develop in many different ways not just one path. It believes that not all change is progress. Weaknesses; Only looks at slow change, evolution and doesnt explain quick change e. g. war, natural disaster. FUNCTIONALIST THEORY Theorist Emile Durkheim and Talcott Parsons This theory emphasises social order and the importance of maintaining structures and processes within society to maintain a state of equilibrium or balance. This theory says that if change occurs, its temporarily alters the balance in society, brings about adjustment or change to bring about a new equilibrium and balance once again in society. Believes social change occurs when internal or external forces upset societys balance e. unemployment, women returning to the workforce, war) All parts of society have a function, and change is a result of these functions being disturbed. In simple societies there are fewer institutions to perform functions (family, education economic production of food). In more complex societies more institutions perform functions e. g. schools provide education not family. Strengths; sh ows how society deals with change and adjusts to it Weaknesses; More about institutional order. Concentrates on destructive change. Doesnt deal well with technology, or economic change. CONFLICT THEORY Theorist Karl Marx Views conflict and change as inevitable in society and ongoing. Change is the result of inequalities in society e. g. class differences, religious differences, differences in wealth and ethnic differences. Conflict occurs between groups with power, who wish to maintain their value and prestige and those who have no power but wish to challenge the existing power structures. Strengths; Alot of change does occur through recognizes that side of society. Explains human nature, not everyone always agrees and everyone wants more power. Weaknesses; Not all change requires conflict in society. Provides little indication of future directions of change. Explore continuity and change †¢ Is all change necessarily progress? Change; an alteration in the way things are done in society Progress; improvements for the better, getting something better Therefore do all changes always lead to improvements in peoples lives in the micro and macro world. NO a culture may feel that in changing they are abandoned their traditional way of life, which may be very important to them due to e. g. religion and unplanned change e. g. war is negative, natural disasters. Also change may be forces upon a society or culture e. . The Jews under Hitler. YES change can be progress as no society would be willing to change a good life for a poorer one. Australia change to incorporate women and indigenous issues into mainstream political life. †¢ Which groups benefit from change? Which do not? Groups; people who gather together because they have something in common Benefits; gaining something good or positive. Therefore who gains something positive from change and who doesnt within the micro and macro world. THE WEALTHY benefit for change as if changes are technologically based, the wealthy can affords it and young people. Most other groups do too. MINORITY GROUPS do not benefit because they are isolated groups in society, they may not change at the same rate as society as a whole. Lower class members are unfamiliar with technology due to poverty and lack of education and fall behind in society. †¢ Are westernisation, modernisation and industrialisation inevitable? Westernisation; the process of countries adopting the practices and values of western countries, especially USA eg. fast food, music, TV. Modernisation; the process of countries moving from traditional societies (focused on ontinuities) to modern societies which accept change. Industrialisation; the process of moving from a society based on agriculture to a society based on industry as the main means of production. Are these 3 processes going to happen to all countries of the world at some stage YES, the world reflects a move towards these three processes in the system or organisation called globalisation. The influence and demands of t he World Bank to follow a western style economy to gain access to loan funds. Technology is becoming so much more prolific and affordable that everyone is exposed economic base of many countries. NO, Some countries are economically and culturally strong enough to maintain their independence from globalisation. Cuba is still an independent country despite its proximity to the US. Social and Cultural Continuity and Change in a Selected Country Apply the fundamental course concepts to that country PERSONS Individualism is not encouraged in traditional Japanese society. Persons are expected to blend in and work for the good of the group, but attitudes are changing. Until the end of second world war the interests of individuals were suppressed under a patriarchal system. he state was compared as one large family. Harmony amongst people is the basis of Japanese society. Japanese are extremely sensitive to any conflict and avoidance can be observed. Traditional Japan; authority and power was held by shoguns and were recognized as individuals. this was based on a caste system. Relationships between people was dictated by the caste system. Women non existent, position determined by th eir family. Polite and plain language. Contemporary Japan; Abolishment of caste system, rise of middle class has show growth in sense of individualism in males and females. Adolescents are expressing themselves openly, choice of career path, expectations of quality of life. relationships still reflect superior inferior status. Evidence language and bowing. Improvement in womens position, can vote, access to work. Through westernisation 2 language forms are slowing becoming one. SOCIETY Originally a feudal society with strict cast system with emperor as ruler. Warlords and Samurai kept peace in early Japan under control of shogun (military leader) Today society is governed by democratically elected monarchy. Family and peer groups are important groups in society. Traditional society Family; extended family unit, ie. Mainly subsistence farming. Ie responsible for welfare, health and education of members. Arranged marriages. Husband head of the house. Division of labour based on gender. Government; Feudal society structure around clans. Emperor nominated ruler supported by shoguns and samurais. Meiji Restoration saw movement towards democratic society. Education; reserved mainly for daimyos and nobles. peasants were educated to read, write and maths. This led to literate society. Contemporary society Family; Mainly nuclear families, some extended still exist in city due to high living costs. growth in single parents. Marriage mainly own choice/love. Gender roles in family re similar. Government; Bicameral system, emperor symbolic head of state. Constitutional democracy. responsibilities for welfare of citizens organized by government institutions e. g. social security, education, health Education; Still highly literate society, still values, key to socio economic mobility and has resulted in a highly competitive system of cram schools. Equal access, and education still instills cultural values. CULTURE The importance of Buddhism, Shintoism and Confucianism to traditional society. The importance of ceremonies like the tea ceremony. Traditional Culture; Importance of Buddhism and Shintoism to ritual; and beliefs. Confucianism reinforced the caste system, values, distribution of power and authority. Art and artifacts forces mainly on nature. Contemporary Japan; Role of religious beliefs slowly declining. Adopting of western ideas and values. Change in social habits and prefer western life e. g. Macdonald over sushi, baseball over sumo wrestling. Emergence of subculture group e. g. skinheads, rockers. Persistence of geisha both traditional and ones for tourists. ENVIRONMENT Originally closed to western world, western contact in 1850s. today a mixture of traditional Japanese environment overlaid with a westernized environment. physically environment is crowded islands and mountainous. Traditional Environment; Predominately feudal, agricultural society. Closed society, superiority, limited opportunity to exchange ideas, values and technology, pre Commodore Perry. Control over the adoption of anything foreign. Opportunity to adopt Confucian values from China thus reinforcing caste system. Contemporary Japan; Democratically elected, open society whereby western ideas, technology and culture are readily adopted through diffusion and acculturation. World leader in technology, highly industrial, major export, major importer of food and raw materials. TIME Over time Japan has experience both continuity and change. modernisation began with Western contact after WW2. every aspect of society and culture has changed over time in Japan some important traditions have remained. A historical look at Japan will allow us to view its continuities and changes and the interrelationship between time, person, society and culture. Examine the nature of traditional society and culture in that country The emperor in Japan held superior status and was fundamental to Japanese nationalism. Most of the population were farmers or craftsmen, the position of nobility being filled by influential; families. Japan was controlled by daimyos or warlords. The warrior class or samurais increased in importance as it was military strength which ensured dominance. Japan was governed by shoguns until 1868 when the old emperor Meiji was restored to power this is known as the Meiji restoration period. Under shoguns the samurais continued to gain power and were the only class permitted to carry a sword. membership to class continued to be determined by birth and ones class in turn determined ones occupation, choice of marriage partner. Outside class system were those who performed unclean task, classless, non human. Th capital of Edo was moved to Tokyo and it was mandatory for families to register with local Buddhist temples. While Shinto was traditional religion is Japan both Confucianism and Buddhism was introduced by china. The family, the traditional family unit or ie was fundamental to Japanese society. They had to honor their ancestors and maintain continuity of the family unit. Loyalty and filial duty were expected of all members who were subordinate to the head. these were Confucian principles. If there was no son to inherit the role of head then a son in law might take on the role, when there were no children adoption was an appropriate solution. In 1947 constitution which spelt the demise of the ie, choices of spouse, inheritance, property rights were changes to reflect equality of gender and rights of the individual. Within the home, religious rites were performed at the Buddhist alter in the home. Power and authority, the control of power is a feature of the history of every nation. In Japan there was a dramatic move from the centralized limited access to power structure of its feudal period to the more open and democratic practices of today. From the time of the Fujiwara period power in Japan had been in the hands of the shoguns. These were families of noble birth and exerted great influence and control over the political and military power of Japan. Towards the middle of the 19th century, the power of the shoguns began to weaken. A coup was staged by a fraction of samurai who claim to be replacing the emperor in his rightful position of power seized the control of government from the shogun and installed a new leadership. New leaders of the Meiji restoration decided to actively seek innovation and western ideas into all aspects of Japanese society. The changes that followed were reestablishing the old imperial style government. Centralizing power, downgrading the old institutions, rationalizing the bureaucracy and improving the nations military power and abolishing the feudal system of privileges. Industrialization and westernisation, establishing a constitutional democracy with a national parliament. All of this took place in thirty years During the Meiji restoration businesses had to reply on the government for the capital funds which they needed to get established. A partnership was formed which gave both business and government stability. The families which responded most quickly to the Meiji period needs accumulated immense economic control and huge industrial organisations. These financial cliques were extremely powerful. After WW2, the Zaibatsu were broken up. The American occupation of Japan after WW2 brought with its other substantial changes. A new constitution was formed, women were given the vote, education system revised, land reform program was put in place and labour unions developed. Japan had a highly valued sense of national identity and cultural heritage. these have withstood the incursion of foreigners and the rapid modernisation process which accompanied the American occupation. Japans subsequent success industrially and economically reflect her ability to sift imported values and achievement and glean only those which will prove worthwhile. There was a transformation of Japan from feudal, with rigid caste system to democratic parliament with no class system and an industrialized economy begun with the Meiji restoration and was completed with the American occupation. Evaluate the nature of power and authority in that country FAMILY AUTHORITY Traditional Family; grandfather, eldest son and father Modern Family; parents (nuclear family), in extended families it still the parents CLASS POWER Traditional society; emperor, warrior class, shogun Modern society; Based on socio economic status, democracy everyone can vote. EDUCATION AUTHORITY Traditional; best schools for wealthy, education important, limited access for women Modern; Compulsory education, women now educated, wealthy power cram schools GOVERNMENT AUTHORITY Traditional; power in hands of shoguns, nobles warriors, emperor, isolation policy Modern; Democracy, emperor still symbolic MILITARY AUTHORITY POWER Traditional; shoguns had own army, samurais power through force Modern; after WW2 US in power, use of police instead of military, Government has power over military MEDIA POWER Modern societies; TV, radio, increased access to westernisation, increased power of women, strong influence on adolescents. Apply one theory of social change appropriate to the selected country By applying the functionalist theory to social change within Japan we can see how it has occurred due to a disruption in the balance. This lead to adjustments in other parts of the system and a new equilibrium level is reached, while balance is restored. During the Tokogawa period equilibrium was maintained however change occurred through the arrival of the USA and Commodore Perry in the 1800s. This ended Japans isolation with the introduction of trade. Next the Meiji restoration period brought about adjustments such as; changed laws, generalized government under emperor, increased power of merchant class and dismantling of caste system. New balance was obtained during the 1930s and this remained till after WW2. Yet change reoccurred when Japan lost WW2 and the US initiates restructuring of all institutions. These changes were evidence through the introduction of women voting, new constitutions, education no longer based on class, shift in government causing democratic elections and production changes from agriculture to industrial production. his restored a new equilibrium up till 1980s. Change has occurred again with globalization and increased influence of western ideas and values. yet a new equilibrium was reached in 1990s. the effects of these changes are still present with the influence of female workers, decreased role for the elderly, government providing care for the elderly, increase in individualism and decrease in identi ty, changing role of the families and increased media influence. Limitations of this has been the focus on changes to institution and it doesnt take globalisation into account. The functionalist theory doesnt take globalisation into account as globalisation of a country would never allow Japan to achieve a true equilibrium. Family life and population changes Continuity is the persistence of social and cultural elements within a society. Change is an alteration is how things are done. It is the alteration in patterns of culture, social structure and social behavior over tie. In Japan, there have been many continuities and changes to family life but mostly changes due to the population. Changes to the Japanese family have occurred due to such influences as acculturation and westernisation. here have been an increase in both nuclear and single parent families, with more women entreating the workforce, leading to greater sense of empowerment. 80% of families now live in the city as opposed to rural areas and as such due to lack of space, many families are split up. More elderly are now in retirement homes, rather than being cared for at home. The function of fa mily as an institution of education and health care is now moreso in the hands of the government. There have also been many continuities in family life in japan. For example, here are still strong gender based division of labour, with the father as the breadwinner and the mother in charge of the house hold. In rural areas of Japan, the extended family is still very important with the elderly passing traditions to younger generations and the parents caring for the elderly at home. As the population is constantly changing, there are many more changes than continuities. The population in japan is ageing, meaning that there is a decrease in both birth and death rates. Due to the increase in nuclear families, such questions arise as who will take care of the elderly? A social adjustment has been necessary with the state beginning to take responsibility for elderly care, rather than the family. The main continuity in population change is that japan has remained monoculture. Imigration is discouraged due to lack of space and the Japanese wish to maintain their distinct culture and way of life. In conclusion there have been many continuities and changes in population and family life. The extended family has tried to maintain traditions in the family due to modernisation, westernisation , industrialisation and acculturation, change is inevitable. A countrys population is not static, so it is to be expected that there are many more changes, rather than continuities. Develop hypotheses for thinking about the future of Japan Feasibility study Process of defining exactly what a project is and what strategic issues need to be considered to assess its potential for success- is it probable. Scenario writing Attempt to account the good and bad possibilities based on what we know. Science fiction writing is a form of scenario writing, the writer uses their understanding of continuity and change to analyze possible futures Analyzing trends and forecasting. Involves reviewing the directions/changes being taken within society and trying to predict outcomes. Events from the past and present are projected forward based on the idea that the frequency and course of change will continue into the future. JAPANS AGING POPULATION What we know already: Traditions are not passed on, Japans population is aging, as less people are having children due to lack of space and high living costs. The death rate is also decreasing, there are more elderly living longer. Land is very expensive breakdown of traditional extended family. Problems associated with this situation: As less children are being born, there are less people to grow up to look after the increased number of elderly. As less elderly live with the extended family due to lack of space, the state needs to put more money into elderly care. the separation of children and grandparents means that fewer traditions are being passed between generations. Gap in socialization process for kids who dont live in extended families. Greater tax burden for younger generation. Possible future scenarios: The population will continue to age, with less children being born. As more families move to city areas there will be a trend towards more nuclear families. A group of young people with no understanding of the past. Couples reduce the number of children. More care facilities needed, more jobs, more cots. Forecasting changes to the society and culture: The government will encourage superannuation, so people will be able to fund their own retirement. They may still need to spend more money on elderly care for those without superannuation. Such solutions as placing preschools and retirement homes together will maintain traditions, as children will be in contact with the elderly. Shorter working hours/public holidays for family time. Encourage migration of young people. INCREASED GLOBAL CULTURAL INTEGRATION What we know already: Japan is being affected by globalisation. This impacts Japans society and culture as they are part of the global community. Westernisation, industrialisation and modernisation are also occurring, Americanization part of global tourism network, open communication and trade. Problems associated with this situation: Japans traditions may become less important. Changes in Japans economy due to changes in the worlds economy. This may attribute to the high living costs. Loss of cultural identity. Infiltration of American culture. Possible scenarios for the future: Japan may suffer future economic downfall. the country will continue to become westernized. traditions and links to the past will continue to weaken. Forecasting changes to the society and culture: Government initiatives to encourage maintenance of traditions. American/Western lifestyles become increasing common. May vary depending on generation. the elderly wish to become more traditional the young want to be more westernized. Greater access for young people to western mass media if they wish.

Media in the Ivory Coast

Media in the Ivory Coast Free Online Research Papers Part 1: Country Background The Rà ©publique de Cà ´te dIvoire, also known as the Ivory Coast, is a country in West Africa bordering Liberia and Guinea to the west, Mali and Burkina Faso to the north, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. The location now known as the Ivory Coast was made a protectorate of France during the era of imperialism by a treaty in the 1840’s, and became a French colony in 1893. The country gained its independence in 1960, at which point it was led by Fà ©lix Houphouà «t-Boigny until 1993. During these years, the country was closely tied with its’ West African neighbors economically and politically, but also maintained trade with the Western world, furthering the nations economic development. However, since the end of Houphouà «t-Boigny’s rule the countries stability has been in serious decline, brought on by a number of coups vying for power. Following the takeover by two militia groups in 1999 and 2001 that served to replace the preexisting political powers, the country has been subject to a civil war since 2002. Today, the government is identified as a republic with strong executive power embodied by the president, President Gbagbo. The nation’s current state of unrest has greatly hampered its economic development and social and political stability, and the violent state of the country poses a serious threat for those wishing to do business with the Ivory Coast. Part 2: Country Profile Population: According to UN census data in 2005, Cà ´te dIvoire has a population of 17.1 million individuals. According to data in 2003, 43.6% of the population is female. The largest city in the country is Abidjan, which is the center for most of the countries economic activity and host to over twenty percent of the nation’s total population. However, the capital city is Yamoussoukro, which has less than 300,000 inhabitants. Language: French is the official language of the Ivory Coast, although there are additionally over ten native languages spoken. Each native language represents the first language of less than fifteen percent of the population, expressing a wide range in culture. However, most individuals in the country speak more than one language. Religion: 63% of the country subscribes to a variety of localized African religions. Islam is the most widespread singular religion, hosting 25% of the population. Approximately 12% of the population reports being Christian. Economic Industries: The economy of the Ivory Coast functions primarily on agricultural exports, representing nearly a third of the gross domestic product. The primary exports of the nation are cocoa beans, coffee, cotton, palm oil, and bananas. The economy is currently severely threatened by the violent state of the nation, which discourages foreign traders thereby limiting exportation. An additional 20% of the GDP is comprised by industrial services, including food and beverage manufacturing, wood products, oil refining, automotive assembly, and textile production. The labor force accounts for the remainder of the economy, with over 60% of the population providing physical labor to support the large agricultural industries. Income: The gross national income was estimated at only $840 U.S.D. per capita according to World Bank data in 2006. Additionally, a significant portion of the population, approximately 37%, is below the poverty line, and 13% of the population suffers from unemployment. The GNP of the country was approximately $15.3 billion in 2005, just below Cameroon, Iraq, and Latvia, placing it in the top third of the world’s countries. Life Expectancy: Men have a life expectancy of only 45 years, with women expected to live only marginally longer, with an average life expectancy of 47 years. This suggests a lack of medical resources and social services. Literacy: The literacy rate is just over fifty percent, indicating a lack of educational opportunities. Part 3: Media Investigation Publications: The Ivory Coast has nine primary daily publications. Of the nine, one is state-owned, one is owned by the ruling party, one is run by the opposition, and the other six are privately funded. It is important to note that Notre Voie, the paper that is funded by the ruling party, has the largest daily circulation. Television: Television service is provided by Radiodiffusion Television Ivoirenne, or RTI, which is state-run. There are no private TV stations, although rebel groups have gained the ability use state-owned TV facilities in certain areas for their own broadcasts. Radio: Radio is the Ivory Coast’s most popular medium for media. There are a total of only seven radio stations that are broadcasted throughout the majority of the country. While the majority of stations are state-owned and run by RTI, there are also non-commercial radio stations that are run more locally by church groups as well as by UN peacekeepers. News Agency: The Agence Ivoirenne de Presse, which is the equivalent of the United States’ Associate Press and is required to regulate the legitimacy of the news being produced, is state-owned, suggesting possible censorship and government biases. Internet/ Telephones: Two Internet service providers: Africaonline and Aviso, with only 1.5% of the population estimated to be Internet users as of 2005. Only 328,000 main line telephones in 2003, although at the time there were over one million cellular phone users. Today there are over four million cell phone users. Part 4: Media Analysis The Ivory Coast was ranked 98th on the most recent list put out by the international World Press Index. This free press index ranking is up 41 places from the previous year. This rise in ranking was particularly shocking to me, especially considering many of the testimonies of journalists I encountered during my investigation. For example, the Paris-based group Reporters Without Borders recently described the Ivory Coast as â€Å"one of Africa’s most dangerous countries for both local and foreign media,† which is largely based on the threat of violent actions from both rebel and state-run military forces. This testimony is evidenced by occurrences such as that in 2004, at which point the government used media under its’ control, specifically the RTI, to enable them in their struggle against rebel forces. The close ties between media and the government is further solidified by the fact that in 2006, members of the Young Patriots militia, who are loyal to Pre sident Gbagbo, invaded RTI headquarters in order to gain more control over the output of information in the media. Although these events occurred several years ago, as recently as 2007 the local UN peacekeepers expressed reports of a â€Å"growing number of inflammatory articles in the press,† providing propaganda for the groups in power. The UN peacekeepers also reported an increasing number of violent attacks on publications. This information does not seem to validate any indications of positive steps towards the production of unbiased media. Based on my investigation of the nation known as the Ivory Coast, it is clear that there is a close link between government forces and the media. Not only are the radio, television, and newspapers state-run, but even peacekeepers have had to take a claim in the media in order to gain any semblance of an effective voice within the community. In 2005, the peacekeepers were able to launch their own radio station in Abidjan, although it did not have broad enough range to reach the entire nation. Even church groups have had to succumb to the media game being played by the government, opting to fund their own radio stations in order to provide some sense of hope for citizens in opposition of the forces in charge. In dissecting the media in Cà ´te dIvoire, I tried to keep an open-mind before passing judgment on the state of affairs. I was initially impressed by the website of the Ivory Coast’s largest circulating newspaper, Notre Voie. The website provided a variety of local articles in English, which I hoped would prove to present an unbiased form of media. However, once I discovered that Notre Voie was state-owned, I began to recognize a pattern in the nature of articles presented; none of the articles provided any opposition to President Gbagbo, nor did they even address the current state of disarray caused by the ongoing civil war. In fact, the themes of the news stories were very localized, and tried to put a positive slant on what was occurring throughout the country. Overall, I think the shape of the media in the Ivory Coast is a product of a variety of influences. The ongoing state of political unrest as caused political parties to enlist propaganda as a strategy for increasing support. This sort of output from the media has served to further the division between groups, causing it to be deemed â€Å"hate media,† and has recently been present in a large number of African nations such as Rwanda who have struggled with similar issues with infrastructure. It seems to me that these unsteady political circumstances translate to corruption within the media, with no authorities working to ensure an unbiased presentation of the news because state-run media sources receive pressure from parties in power to present a specific point of view. Additionally, I believe that the widespread poverty throughout the country further inhibits the local freedom of press. My findings of limited internet access and low literacy rates suggest a lack of social mobility that may correlate with people’s inability to demand truth from local media forces. It is clear that the powers in charge have not accepted the responsibility to place value on a high standard of media, and therefore it is the role of the citizens to pursue such freedoms. Because local citizens have not been able to express these wishes, perhaps it is at this point that Western influences must intervene. Although Western influence has been hampered in the Ivory Coast by civil war, our global awareness of the situation in the country provides grounds for intervention. 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Communication and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Communication and Language - Essay Example He will now look at and reach rather than grasp an object as an adult presents it. He has also become more willing to perform familiar actions on an object without mouthing it but using his hands to hold and manipulate objects for longer. He has also shown greater attention to where objects move to or from during the activity. This has been particularly noticeable during our greeting sessions. At the beginning of September he needed adult coactive support to tap a drum to say ‘hello’, as he has become more familiar with activity where he begun to use both hands to tap a drum with adult verbal encouragement. Now he will reach instruments spontaneously to say ‘hello’ as adult moves around the circle asking ‘who want to say hello first’. He is also able to indicate if he wants to continue the tapping action or he finished saying ‘hello’ by clapping his hands to indicate more or pushing the drum away. He finds it amusing if an adult cop ies his simple drumming actions, responds with a smile, and listens to it. Interacting Pupil's progress Charlie has been working towards developing his interaction and playing skills with adult and peers. Charlie has made steady progress with developing his communication, social, and interactive skills with class staff and peers as the year has progressed. He has shown an increasing interest in trying to influence the adult actions during self-occupation time to get what he wants or during group session as mentioned above and one-to-one sessions such as interactive games focusing on communication, taking turns, interacting and responding to adult partner. For example, simple hand clapping games that requires him to form quick thinking, cooperation, and reaction to a game like clapping one's own hands, clapping both hands of a partner, and clapping one hand of a partner, generally across such as the right hand of each player at an appropriate junction.   During self-occupation time , he will move in the direction of the plasma screen and make brief eye contact with an adult to let them know what he wants. If the adult ignores his communication, he will walk around the plasma screen, look behind the speakers, turn on a socket plague and manipulate a key to open the box with laptop attached to the screen. During leisure time, when approached by an adult and asked, â€Å"what you want Charlie?† he will hold his hand and guide him in the direction of the plasma screen or balcony / class door to watch his friends playing or to go for a walk. He is now learning to transfer these learnt skills to class activities. Last year, Charlie preferred contact with adults to that with peers, but this year he has been starting to pay more attention to his class friends if he is engaged in a simple game with them or when they are exploring interesting things. For example, he will pay attention to an interesting object controlled by another pupil, and will come to him or h er, reach for the item and explore it for brief moment before giving it back to his peer. This term, Charlie has developed a friendship with two girls in class Huma and Aiashah. He responded with interest to social overtures from them and used some actions to prolong interaction with them. For example, he will sneeze on purpose to make Aaishah laugh or will allow her to hold his hand and move them in the rhythm of ‘